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  • Book cover of Better Never to Have Been
    David Benatar

     · 2008

    Most people believe that they were either benefited or at least not harmed by being brought into existence. David Benatar presents a startling challenge to these assumptions. He argues that people systematically overestimate the quality of their life, and suffer quite serious harms by coming into existence.

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  • Book cover of Very Practical Ethics

    In Very Practical Ethics David Benatar discusses some of the moral problems that ordinary people face in their everyday lives. These are not moral problems that arise only in extraordinary circumstances, nor those which are confronted only by select people in their professional or public roles; rather, they are problems that most people face on a daily basis. Written accessibly and covering topics not often discussed by moral philosophers, Very Practical Ethics will be of interest to students and other readers who care about how we might resolve the kinds of ethical issues we all face every day.

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    David Benatar

     · 2017

    'The Human Predicament' engages life's big questions. Are our lives meaningless? Is death bad? Would immortality be better? Alternatively, should we hasten our deaths by acts of suicide? Many people are tempted to offer comforting, optimistic answers to these existential questions. The text offers a less sanguine assessment and defends a substantial, but not unmitigated, pessimism.

  • Book cover of Debating Procreation

    While procreation is ubiquitous, attention to the ethical issues involved in creating children is relatively rare. In Debating Procreation, David Benatar and David Wasserman take opposing views on this important question. David Benatar argues for the anti-natalist view that it is always wrong to bring new people into existence. He argues that coming into existence is always a serious harm and that even if it were not always so, the risk of serious harm is sufficiently great to make procreation wrong. In addition to these "philanthropic" arguments, he advances the "misanthropic" one that because humans are so defective and cause vast amounts of harm, it is wrong to create more of them. David Wasserman defends procreation against the anti-natalist challenge. He outlines a variety of moderate pro-natalist positions, which all see procreation as often permissible but never required. After criticizing the main anti-natalist arguments, he reviews those pronatalist positions. He argues that constraints on procreation are best understood in terms of the role morality of prospective parents, considers different views of that role morality, and argues for one that imposes only limited constraints based on the well-being of the future child. He then argues that the expected good of a future child and of the parent-child relationship can provide a strong justification for procreation in the face of expected adversities without giving individuals any moral reason to procreate

  • Book cover of The Second Sexism
    David Benatar

     · 2012

    Does sexism against men exist? What it looks like and why we need to take it seriously This book draws attention to the "second sexism," where it exists, how it works and what it looks like, and responds to those who would deny that it exists. Challenging conventional ways of thinking, it examines controversial issues such as sex-based affirmative action, gender roles, and charges of anti-feminism. The book offers an academically rigorous argument in an accessible style, including the careful use of empirical data, and includes examples and engages in a discussion of how sex discrimination against men and boys also undermines the cause for female equality.

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    In this volume, two authors debate the ethics of procreation. One argues for the anti-natalist view that procreation is never morally permissible. In support of that conclusion he advances a number of arguments. In the second half of the book, the second author identifies a variety of moderate pro-natalist positions, which all see procreation as sometimes permissible but never required.

  • Book cover of Nebýt či být
    David Benatar

     · 2013

    Být či nebýt? Mám přivést na tento svět a do této nejasné doby své děti? Ti, kdo si pokládají tyto otázky a nechtějí jednat pouze tak, jak se od nich obecně očekává, bývají svým okolím často ostrakizováni. A přitom uvažujeme-li o těchto věcech čistě racionálně, zjistíme, jsme-li zodpovědní vůči svým potenciálním potomkům, že tato volba není vůbec jednoduchá. Jihoafrický filozof David Benatar ve své knize například obhajuje jasné antinatalistické stanovisko, tedy že mít děti je vždy špatně. Každý z nás tím, že se narodil, utrpěl. Toto utrpení není zanedbatelné, neboť kvalita i toho nejlepšího života je velice bídná – a značně bídnější, než si většina lidí přiznává. I když je pochopitelně příliš pozdě zabránit své vlastní existenci, není pozdě zabránit existenci dalších lidí v budoucnosti. Plodit nové lidi se v této době zdá morálně problematické. Ti, kdo neexistují, totiž nemohou zakoušet žádnou deprivaci. Příchodem na svět utrpíme vážnou újmu, která by nás bývala nepostihla, kdybychom se byli nenarodili. Vzhledem k hlubokému odporu vůči názorům, které kniha obhajuje, se nedá očekávat, že by racionální argumenty měly nějaký vliv na plození dětí. Plození pokračuje a zřejmě přese vše bude pokračovat dál… Existuje nějaký způsob, jak lidskou arogancí a nadutostí otřást v samotných základech?

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  • Book cover of 生兒為人是何苦:出生在世的傷害

    出生在世永遠是嚴重的傷害 使人免受折磨的唯一方法,是自始就不要把人生下來 「生命糟透了,沒被生下來還比較好。誰那麼幸運?萬中無一。」——猶太妙語 「一想到把某人帶到世上,就讓我不寒而慄……願我的肉體澈底壞朽!願我永不會將活在世上的無聊和恥辱傳給任何人!」——福樓拜 「假使人是單憑純粹理性的行使,決定要不要生小孩,人類還會繼續存在嗎?」——叔本華 本書為反生育主義的經典著作。大多數人認為,誕生於此世或繁衍後代是件好事,或至少並非傷害;然而南非哲學家大衛・貝納塔挑戰了這樣的預設,他透過「痛苦與愉悅的不對稱性」、「生命品質並非好事減壞事」等論點證明,出生在世永遠是嚴重的傷害。貝納塔也據此主張人類不應生育,以免製造無謂的痛苦。在他看來,透過自然滅絕達到「零」人口,才是道德正確的做法。 人存活於世,必然會經歷各種痛苦,如肉體上的飢餓、口渴、疲累、老化、病痛與死亡;精神上的焦慮、壓力、恐懼、悲痛、無聊、寂寞與絕望。貝納塔認為,雖然人們的生活品質有高有低,但客觀而言,所有人的人生其實都遠比自身所想像的更痛苦。生命的正面特質對在世的人固然好,仍舊沒辦法抵銷隨之而來的負面特質。快樂的事或許存在,然而痛苦與愉悅並不對稱。在道德上,避免痛苦的重要性遠大於獲得快樂,因此「自始不曾出生」(沒有痛苦也沒有快樂),無論如何都優於出生在世。貝納塔也提出相關的心理運作現象(如波麗安娜效應、適應及比較等)證明,人類對自己生命品質的主觀判斷並不可靠。人們傾向記住正面的經驗、抑制傷痛的記憶,並且美化過去,事實上,現實生活遠不如想像中美好,不論採取哪一種評估生命品質的觀點,生命都是壞事。 既然「出生即是受苦」,那麼預防痛苦最有效的方式,就是不再製造新的生命。貝納塔認為,生下有知覺的生命,會為新生命帶來龐大的苦難,而造成這種傷害是錯的,因此,讓人類及其他有知覺的生命自然滅絕,才是道德正確的做法。據此,人非但沒有生育的義務,更有不生小孩的道德義務。 在本書後半部,貝納塔解析了他的主張對生育、身障權利、受誤生命、人工和輔助生殖有何意涵,並就人工流產、人口及滅絕問題提出他的見解。最後,貝納塔回應了樂觀者及宗教人士提出的反駁,並考察了關於死亡與自殺的議題。 【各方推薦】 郭柏年│香港中文大學哲學系高級講師 林映彤│國立陽明交通大學心智哲學研究所副教授 「〔貝納塔〕正是出於對人類的慈悲,不忍下一代蒙受生而為人的痛苦,才反對生育與希望人類消失,從而根絕一切人類的苦難。……總括來說,本書立論新穎大膽,提出的議題亦十分重要。縱然論證層面上偶有簡略與失當之處,但其對常識與定見的挑戰,無疑值得深思。哪怕各位閱後不盡同意,相信也不會覺得枉然。畢竟哲學的可貴,並非給予答案,而在於有意義的發問。是次中文譯本面世,能讓華文世界的朋友以熟悉的語言一同思考此等重要課題,絕對是廣大讀者的佳音。」 ——郭柏年(香港中文大學哲學系高級講師) 「在臺灣出版這本書,有其微妙和有趣之處。肯定會出現這樣的反應:『臺灣出生率夠低了!居然還出這種勸人不要生小孩的書。』不過,也許正是因為公眾都將注意力放在生育率上,反而更適合或需要反生論的觀點。……好的哲學作品具備的價值往往包含諸多面向。本書提出發人深省的反生論主張,不僅提供讀者反思自身生命價值的素材,也深化了生命重大抉擇的考量。書中的議題,直搗我們身為人、出世、活著的核心意義,值得你我被此書挑戰和刺激一番。」 ——林映彤(國立陽明交通大學心智哲學研究所副教授)