The Paralympic Games is the second largest multi-sport festival on earth and an event which poses profound and challenging questions about the nature of sport, disability and society. The Paralympic Games Explained is the first complete introduction to the Paralympic phenomenon, exploring every key aspect and issue, from the history and development of the Paralympic movement to the economic and social impact of the contemporary Games. Now in a fully revised and updated second edition, it includes new material on hosting and legacy, Vancouver 2010 to Rio 2016, sport for development, and case studies of an additional ten Paralympic nations. Drawing on a range of international examples, it discusses key issues such as: • how societal attitudes influence disability sport • the governance of Paralympic and elite disability sport • the relationship between the Paralympics and the Olympics • drugs and technology in disability sport • classification in disability sport. Containing useful features including review questions, study activities, web links and guides to further reading throughout, The Paralympic Games Explained is the most accessible and comprehensive guide to the Paralympics currently available. It is essential reading for all students with an interest in disability sport, sporting mega-events, the politics of sport, or disability in society.

The Paralympic Games is the second largest multi-sport festival on earth and an event which poses profound and challenging questions about the nature of sport, disability and society. The Paralympic Games Explained is the first complete introduction to the Paralympic phenomenon, exploring every key aspect and issue, from the history and development of the Paralympic movement to the economic and social impact of the contemporary Games. The book introduces the three most important theoretical models of disability (medical, social and bio-social), to enable the reader to fully understand the Paralympics in the context of wider discussions of disability in society. It also offers a straightforward explanation of the importance of language and terminology in shaping our understanding of disability and disability sport. Including international examples and comparative material throughout, the book offers detailed and broad-ranging discussion of key issues such as: how societal attitudes influence disability sport the governance of Paralympic and elite disability sport the relationship between the Paralympics and the Olympics drugs and technology in disability sport classification in disability sport. Containing useful features throughout, such as review questions, study activities, web links and guides to further reading, The Paralympic Games Explained is the most accessible, comprehensive and thoughtful guide to the Paralympics currently available. It is essential reading for all students with an interest in disability sport, sporting mega-events, the politics of sport, or disability in society.

Dr. Brittain documents the history of the summer Paralympic Games and presents it in one accessible and easy-to-read volume that focuses on Great Britain's participation in the games.

Whilst the link between international diplomacy and the Olympic Movement has been the subject of extensive academic and journalistic enquiry, the experience of diplomatic discourse relating to the relatively youthful Paralympic movement has received little attention. It occurs not just in the context of state diplomacy, where for example the Paralympic Games may provide a conduit for the pursuit of specific policy objectives, but also in relation to the engagement of the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) as an evolving non-state actor in the diplomatic process. The idea of the IPC as an advocacy body engaged through public diplomacy in promoting disability rights needs exploration as a element of the contemporary politics of disability. This analysis considers the relationship between the activities of the IPC and wider lobbying by disabled people's organisations as a means of leveraging change in domestic and international policy toward disability.

Alongside the issues of health, inclusion and empowerment that are addressed as part of the sport for development agenda, the most visible challenge faced by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC), with direct significance to its legitimacy as an international advocate for disability rights, is the gulf in resourcing for Para-sports, between resource-poor and resource-rich regions. This gulf creates an asymmetry between national teams, evident in levels of representation and podium success at Para-sport events, significant enough to challenge the very notion of the Paralympic Movement as truly international in its reach.

The Paralympic Games are a major international sports competition for athletes with a variety of impairments (physical, sensory, and intellectual), held in conjunction with the Olympic Summer and Winter Games - usually beginning about two weeks after the Olympic closing ceremony. This article outlines the origins of the Paralympic Games, how they developed, who gets to participate, and how they ensure fair competition, given the differences in the type and severity of the impairments of the athletes who participate. It will then highlight some of the historical connections between the Olympic and Paralympic movements, how these connections have developed over time, and the impact this has had on the two movements.

The impact of the Paralympic Games and disability sport upon the lives of people with disabilities and the perceptions of non-disabled society regarding people with disabilities has been immense. Yet examples of this disability sport and Paralympic heritage are all but invisible amongst the wider area of sports heritage. This paper will attempt to outline some of the possible reasons why this might be the case and cite some examples of how this apparent marginalisation of Paralympic heritage might be overcome as we move forward beyond the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games.

The International Olympic Committee advocates that one of the three ultimate goals of Olympism is to build a peaceful and better world through sport. The International Paralympic Committee, on the other hand, is slightly less grandiose when stating its key aim of enabling Paralympic athletes to achieve sporting excellence and to inspire and excite the world. However, it does state that in inspiring and exciting the world, its aim is to contribute to a better world for all people with a disability. The objective of this paper is, therefore, firstly to outline some of the reasons why the world might need to be made better for people with disabilities. It will then look at some of the ways the Paralympic Games have contributed to this process since their inception as the Stoke Mandeville Games in the late 1940s. Overall, the objective of this paper is to highlight the ways in which disability sport and the Paralympic Games, in particular, have helped to break down some of the perceptual barriers that exist amongst non-disabled members of society regarding people with disabilities, thus promoting greater inclusion of people with disabilities and allowing them to live in more peaceful coexistence with their peers.

A list of methods and tests for validation for test performance study (TPS) Round 2 (for laboratory and/or on-site use) was prepared for six selected pests: Xanthomonas citri pv. citri, Xylophilus ampelinus, Cryphonectria parasitica, tomato spotted wilt tospovirus, tomato brown rugose fruit virus and plum pox virus. The listed tests were first validated in preliminary studies by TPS organizers in order to select the final tests for TPS, based on the scope and criteria also described in this deliverable.