This paper looks at the gendered impacts of a development project that provided improved dairy cattle and training as part of a broader effort to develop a smallholder-friendly, market-oriented dairy value chain in Manica province, Mozambique. The project targeted households, registered cows in the name of the household head, and, initially, trained registered cow owners in various aspects of dairy production and marketing. Subsequently training was expanded to two members per household to increase the capacity within households to care for cows, a change which resulted in a significant number of women being trained. Using qualitative and quantitative data on dairy production and consumption and on gendered control over income and assets, the paper explores how men and women participated in and benefited from the project. We find that despite being registered to men, in practice dairy cattle are in some cases viewed as jointly owned by men and women. Beneficiary households dramatically increased dairy production and income, with men, women, and children all contributing labor. Women’s incentives for participation in dairy are less clear. Despite their recognized rights and responsibilities related to dairy cow management, women exercise relatively little control over milk and milk income as compared to men. Various explanations related to monetary and nonmonetary benefits of MSDDP and dairying for women are explored, along with their implications for women’s level of effort and overall project outcomes.

Agricultural development projects increasingly include women’s empowerment and gender equality among their objectives, but efforts to evaluate their impact have been stymied by the lack of comparable measures. Moreover, the context-specificity of empowerment implies that a quantitative measure alone will be inadequate to capture the nuances of the empowerment process. The Gender, Agriculture, and Assets Project, Phase 2 (GAAP2), a portfolio of 13 agricultural development projects in nine countries in South Asia and Africa, developed the project-level Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (pro-WEAI) and qualitative protocols for impact evaluations. Pro-WEAI covers three major types of agencies: instrumental, intrinsic, and collective. This paper synthesizes the results of 11 mixed-methods evaluations to assess these projects’ empowerment impacts. The projects implemented the pro-WEAI and its associated qualitative protocols in their impact evaluations. Our synthesis finds mixed, and mostly null impacts on aggregate indicators of women’s empowerment, with positive impacts more likely in the South Asian, rather than African, cases. There were more significant impacts on instrumental agency indicators and collective agency indicators, reflecting the group-based approaches used. We found few significant impacts on intrinsic agency indicators, except for those projects that intentionally addressed gender norms. Quantitative analysis does not show an association between the types of strategies that projects implemented and their impacts, except for capacity building strategies. This finding reveals the limitations of quantitative analysis, given the small number of projects involved. The qualitative studies provide more nuance and insight: some base level of empowerment and forms of agency may be necessary for women to participate in project activities, to benefit or further increase their empowerment. Our results highlight the need for projects to focus specifically on empowerment, rather than assume that projects aiming to reach and benefit women automatically empower them. Our study also shows the value of both a common metric to compare empowerment impacts across projects and contexts and qualitative work to understand and contextualize these impacts.

While the key role that policy plays in sustainable development has long been recognized, rigorously documenting the influence of research on policy outcomes faces conceptual, empirical and even political challenges. Addressing these challenges is increasingly urgent since improving policies—broadly defined—is at the heart of the structural transformation agenda. This paper describes the use of a new evaluation method—outcomes trajectory evaluation (OTE), based on both evaluation and policy process theory—to explore the influence of HarvestPlus, a large and complex research for development program focused on improving nutrition, on a specific policy outcome, namely the establishment of crop biofortification breeding programs in national agricultural research institutes in Bangladesh, India and Rwanda. The findings support claims of significant HarvestPlus contributions to the establishment of the programs while also raising issues that need to be monitored moving forward to ensure sust

Rapid transformations are occurring in food systems around the world with significant economic, health, and environmental implications. As part of this change, the focus of agricultural production needs to transition from quantity of food production to quality of diets. This brief begins by summarizing evidence from nutrition-sensitive agriculture and explaining how resource tenure and governance issues relate to the production of nutrient-rich foods. The brief then explores the importance of resource tenure and governance issues for diets and health in the context of food system transformation: this section focuses on supporting healthy diets in traditional food systems, meeting the global demand for nutrient-rich foods, and managing and mitigating disease risks in intensifying agricultural landscapes.

Increasing numbers of development agencies and individual projects espouse objectives of women’s empowerment, yet there has been little systematic work on mechanisms by which interventions can enhance women’s empowerment. This gap exists because of the lack of consensus on indicators as well as the lack of attention paid to measuring the effects of different types of interventions on empowerment. This paper identifies the types of strategies employed by 13 agricultural development projects within the International Food Policy Research Institute’s Gender, Agriculture, and Assets Project Phase 2 (GAAP2) that have explicit objectives of empowering women. We distinguish between reach, benefit, and empowerment as objectives of agricultural development projects. Simply including women does not necessarily benefit them, and even activities that benefit do not necessarily empower. To identify strategies to empower women, we build on the domains included in the Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI) and are working with the GAAP2 portfolio of projects to develop an empowerment metric that is applicable in the project setting (a project-level WEAI, or pro-WEAI). We have identified the following potential domains to be included in pro-WEAI: input into production decision making, control over resources, control over income, leadership, time, physical mobility, intrahousehold relationships, individual empowerment, reduction in gender-based violence, and decision making on nutrition. The GAAP2 projects address these domains through a wide variety of activities that can be grouped into four main types: (1) direct and indirect provision of goods and services; (2) forming or strengthening groups, organizations, or platforms and networks that involve women; (3) strengthening knowledge and capacity through agricultural extension, business and finance training, nutrition behavior change communication, and other training; and (4) changing gender norms through one-way awareness raising or two-way community conversations about gender issues and their implications. In general, projects with activities in more activity areas target more domains of empowerment, and most projects target a core set of six empowerment domains. With the exception of intrahousehold relationships, which is always targeted by activities designed to influence gender norms, projects target domains with different types of activities or combinations of activities. This setup suggests that there may be no one-to-one link between a specific activity and empowerment benefits, and that implementation modalities will determine whether and how an activity contributes to women’s empowerment. The effectiveness of these project strategies will be assessed using both quantitative and qualitative methods throughout the GAAP2 research project.

Two key outputs of the Gender, Agriculture, and Assets Project, Phase 2 (GAAP2) are the project-level Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (pro-WEAI) and the Reach, Benefit, Empower (RBE) framework. An e-survey was used to get a sense of awareness and use of the pro-WEAI and the RBE framework among a target population of potential users (A4NH program stakeholders). More than 30 semi-structured interviews were conducted with funders, implementers, and evaluators, mainly but not exclusively associated with GAAP2, to understand how tools were used at different stages of the program/project cycle, from influencing program objectives and outcomes to program/project design to impact evaluation. The evaluation found that even though the pro-WEAI and the RBE framework are relatively new and their use is not yet widespread, their use in projects is growing and they have contributed to changes in project priorities and in how projects seeking to empower women are designed and evaluated.

Gain the essential pathology understanding you need to produce quality radiographic images! Covering the disease processes most frequently diagnosed with medical imaging, Comprehensive Radiographic Pathology, 6th Edition is the perfect pathology resource for acquiring a better understanding of the clinical manifestation of different disease processes, their radiographic appearances, and their treatments. This full-color reference begins with a general overview of physiology, then covers disorders and injuries by body system. The new edition also includes the latest information on CT, MRI, SPECT, PET, ultrasound, and nuclear medicine — including updated radiographer notes, images, and review questions. Thorough explanations and comprehensive coverage aid readers’ understanding of disease processes and their radiographic appearance. Numerous high-quality illustrations covering all modalities clearly demonstrate the clinical manifestations of different disease processes and provide readers with a standard for the high-quality images needed in radiography practice. Discussion of specialized imaging explains how supplemental modalities, such as ultrasound, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, nuclear medicine, single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and positron emission tomography (PET) are sometimes needed to diagnose various pathologies. Treatment coverage provides readers with brief explanations of the most likely treatments and the prognosis for each pathology. Systems-based approach organizes the pathology of various body systems in separate chapters — each chapter provides an initial discussion of general physiology and then explains various pathologic conditions and their radiographic appearance and treatment. Summary Findings tables are a great quick reference guide for practitioners. Consistent organization aids readers in searching for information. Study aids include an outline, key terms, objectives, and review questions for every chapter. Useful appendices include an extensive glossary; a list of major prefixes, roots, and suffixes with definitions and examples; and a table of diagnostic implications of abnormal lab values. NEW! Updated images in all modalities keep readers abreast on the latest advances needed for clinical success. NEW! Updated chapter review questions have been added to the end of every chapter. NEW! Additional review questions on Evolve companion site provide students with extra resources to prepare for certification. NEW! Updated radiographer notes incorporate current digital imaging information for both computed radiography and direct digital capture.

Les systèmes alimentaires se transforment rapidement dans le monde entier, engendrant des répercussions économiques, sanitaires et environnementales considérables. Face à ces évolutions, il convient d’opérer une transition dans la production agricole en privilégiant la qualité des régimes alimentaires plutôt que la quantité de production alimentaire. Cette note présente un résumé des données probantes issues de l’agriculture sensible à la nutrition, et explique comment les problèmes de propriété et de gouvernance des ressources sont liés à la production d’aliments riches en nutriments. Elle examine ensuite l’importance de ces problèmes pour les régimes alimentaires et la santé dans le contexte de la transformation du système alimentaire, en mettant l’accent sur le soutien à des régimes alimentaires sains dans les systèmes alimentaires traditionnels, la satisfaction de la demande mondiale d’aliments riches en nutriments, et la gestion et l’atténuation des risques de maladies liés à l’intensification des paysages agricoles.1

Se están produciendo rápidas transformaciones en los sistemas alimentarios de todo el mundo, lo que está teniendo importantes consecuencias económicas, sanitarias y medioambientales. Como parte de este cambio, el enfoque de la producción agrícola debe pasar de la cantidad de producción de alimentos a la calidad de las dietas. Este informe comienza con el resumen de las pruebas (evidence) de la agricultura sensible a la nutrición (nutritionsensitive agriculture) y explica cómo la tenencia de recursos y las cuestiones de gobernanza se relacionan con la producción de alimentos ricos en nutrientes. A continuación, el informe investiga la importancia de la tenencia de los recursos y las cuestiones de gobernanza para las dietas y la salud en el contexto de la transformación del sistema alimentario: esta sección se centra en el apoyo a las dietas saludables dentro de los sistemas alimentarios tradicionales, la satisfacción de la demanda mundial de alimentos ricos en nutrientes, y la gestión y mitigación de los riesgos de enfermedades a causa de la intensificación de los paisajes agrícolas.1

Each year, Scurfpea Publishing produces a juried anthology of poems. The editor is paid the same whether a book is produced or not; if there aren't enough quality poems the project is terminated for that year. Consequently, very few of the submissions get accepted and the resulting book is brimming with high-quality verse. "Trees in this Neighborhood Remember Me" contains pieces from Marcella Remund, Bruce Roseland, Suzanne Sunshower, G.M.H. Thompson, Constance Hoffman, Bill Waggoner, Carol Hamilton, Craig Challender, Norma C. Wilson, Brenda K. Johnson, Nancy Veglahn, Larry D. Griffin, Rich Weixel, Lindy Obach, Erin Murtha, Rosemary Dunn Moeller, Lin Marshall Brummels, Barbara Schmitz, Roberta Haar, Jamin Ratzlaff, Matt Dorweiller, Susan Spaeth Cherry, Jennifer Soule, Daniel G. Snethen, Cliff Lewis, Judith K. Witherow, Charles Luden, Matthew Stensland-Bos, Marcella Prokop, and Dolores Boint.