This book provides a systematie applieation of anatomie and dynamie prineiples to the praetieal understanding and diagnosis of intraabdominal diseases. Anatomie sections and injeetion studies form a basis for understanding the eharaeteristie features of many eommon and uncommon diseases and their spread and loealization in the abdomen. These relationships and speeifie eriteria provide a rational system for accurate radiologie analysis in plain films, eonventional eontrast studies, ultrasonography, and computerized transaxial tomography (CTT). This informa tion leads to the uncovering of clinieally deeeptive diseases, the evaluation of the effeets of disease, the antieipation of eompliea tions, and the determination of the appropriate diagnostie and therapeutie approaches. The introductory atlas presents full color anatomie cross seetions of the abdomen and pelvis, eomplemented by labeled traeings, and detailed CTT seans at eorresponding levels. The seetions, whieh are approximately 3. 8 em (1. 5 in.) thiek, were obtained from fresh eadavers frozen in dry iee for 48 hours, in order to maintain the true intimate anatomie relationships. The aeeompanying text of the atlas stresses normal gross rela tionships, eommon variants, and the basis of their radiologie identifieation, partieularly in plain films. The subsequent ehap ters deal with the diagnosis and the pathways of spread of infeetion, malignaneies, and traumatie and inflammatory effu sions within the intra- and extraperitoneal spaees. Emphasis is plaeed on the specifie loealizing features based on the anatomie planes and reeesses and the dynamies of extension of disease.

Sinee the publieation of the First Edition of Dynamie Radiology of the Abdomen: Normal and Pathologie Anatomy six years ago, literally hundreds ofseientifie articles in the literature have attested to its basic insights in the understanding and clinieal diagnosis ofa speetrum ofintraabdominal diseases. Based on radiologie correlations with anatomieand pathologie features, the observations have proven readily applieable and highly accurate by ultrasonography and particularly com puted tomography (CT) . This edition is designed to provide a eomprehensiveupdateofthese prineiples and their clinieal applieations, to include not only plain films and eonventional contrast studies, but also ultrasonography and CT. To aeeomplish these ends, some seetions have been eompletely rewritten and new seetions and ehapters have been added. Over 503 illustrations have been added, many of them CT images. The atlas of anatomie cross-sections in color has been retained, and these as weIl as all CT images are now oriented aeeording to the eonvention generally adopted shortly after the First Edition was published, i. e., as if viewed from below with the subjects's right to the viewer's left. While a few of the CT illustrations are not of the highest quality, the reader will understand that they havebeen earefullyseleeted for the particularabnormality they demonstrate. The rcferenees have been updated to eite not only classie articles, but seleetions from the literature through 1981. Partieular appreeiation is expressed to the following for their cooperation: james L. Clements, jr., M.D., jaek Farman, M.D., Gary Ghahremani, M.D.

This book contains the proceedings of EXPLOMETTM 2000, International Conference on Fundamental Issues and Applications of Shock-Wave and High-Strain-Rate Phenomena, held in Albuquerque, New Mexico, 2000; the fifth in the EXPLOMETTM quinquennial series which began in Albuquerque in 1980. The book is divided into five major sections with a total of 85 chapters. Section I deals with materials issues in shock and high strain rates while Section II covers shock consolidation, reactions, and synthesis. Materials aspects of ballistic and hypervelocity impact are covered in Section III followed by modeling and simulation in Section IV and a range of novel applications of shock and high-strain-rate phenomena in Section V. Like previous conference volumes published in 1980, 1985, and 1995, the current volume includes contributions from fourteen countries outside the United States. As a consequence, it is hoped that this book will serve as a global summary of current issues involving shock and high-strain-rate phenomena as well as a general reference and teaching componant for specializd curricula dealing with these features in a contemporary way. Over the past twenty years, the EXPLOMETTM Conferences have created a family of participants who not only converse every five years but who have developed long-standing interactions and professional relationships which continue to stimulate new concepts and applications particularly rooted in basic materials behavior.

In-situ x-ray diffraction was used to study the response of single crystal iron under shock conditions. Measurements of the response of [001] iron showed a uniaxial compression of the initially bcc lattice along the shock direction by up to 6% at 13 GPa. Above this pressure, the lattice responded with a further collapse of the lattice by 15-18% and a transformation to a hcp structure. The in-situ measurements are discussed and results summarized.

In situ X-ray diffraction allows the determination of the structure of transient states of matter. We have used laser-plasma generated X-rays to study how single crystals of metals (copper and iron) react to uniaxial shock compression. We find that copper, as a face-centered-cubic material, allows rapid generation and motion of dislocations, allowing close to hydrostatic conditions to be achieved on sub-nanosecond timescales. Detailed molecular dynamics calculations provide novel information about the process, and point towards methods whereby the dislocation density might be measured during the passage of the shock wave itself. We also report on recent experiments where we have obtained diffraction images from shock-compressed single-crystal iron. The single crystal sample transforms to the hcp phase above a critical pressure, below which it appears to be uniaxially compressed bcc, with no evidence of plasticity. Above the transition threshold, clear evidence for the hcp phase can be seen in the diffraction images, and via a mechanism that is also consistent with recent multi-million atom molecular dynamics simulations that use the Voter-Chen potential. We believe these data to be of import, in that they constitute the first conclusive in situ evidence of the transformed structure of iron during the passage of a shock wave.

A transmission electron microscopy study of quasi-isentropic gas-gun loading (peak pressures between 18 GPa and 52 GPa) of [001] monocrystalline copper was carried out. The defect substructures at these different pressures were analyzed. Current experimental evidence suggests a deformation substructure that transitions from slip to twinning, where twinning occurs at the higher pressures ({approx}52 GPa), and heavily dislocated laths and dislocation cells take place at the intermediate and lower pressures. Evidence of stacking faults at the intermediate pressures was also found. Dislocation cell sizes decreased with increasing pressure and increased with distance away from the surface of impact. The results from the quasi-isentropic experiments are compared with that of flyer-plate and laser shock experiments carried out by Cao et al. [1] and Schneider et al. [2], respectively. The Preston-Tonks-Wallace and Zerilli-Armstrong constitutive descriptions are used to model both isentropic and shock compression experiments and predict the pressure at which the slip-twinning transition occurs in both cases. Both models predict a higher transition for isentropic then for shock experiments, and indeed, that twinning should not take place in the ICE experiments at the pressures investigated.

A transmission electron microscopy study of quasi-isentropic high-pressure loading (peak pressures between 18 GPa and 52 GPa) of polycrystalline and monocrystalline copper was carried out. Deformation mechanisms and defect substructures at different pressures were analyzed. Current evidence suggests a deformation substructure consisting of twinning at the higher pressures and heavily dislocated laths and dislocation cells at the intermediate and lower pressures, respectively. Evidence of stacking faults at the intermediate pressures was also found. Dislocation cell sizes decreased with increasing pressure and increased with distance away from the surface of impact.