Welfare states are the product of economic, political and social interactions, and undergo changes as these interactions transform. Existing welfare state theories mainly tend to explain the emergence and development of the welfare state in the western, industrialized and capitalist world. While the states of Central and Eastern Europe have recently been integrated in the academic discourse, the countries of the former Yugoslavia have been predominantly excluded from comparative analysis. Issues of nationalism and ethnic polarization have been prevalent there while socio-economic issues have been put on the back burner. This book explores what happened to the strong social states and relatively equal societies which existed in Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia and Macedonia, and looks into what accounts for these diverse outcomes. By investigating the applicability of the theories on welfare state development and typologization, it fills in the gap in the welfare state literature. It offers an original typology of social citizenship that takes into account the diversity of welfare policy formations across the region. The aim of this typology is not to compete with existing ones, but rather to offer a framework for better understanding of states that do not necessarily fit into known explanatory categories. In a global context of changing economic circumstances and contending political responses, macroeconomic policy and welfare state reform become order of the day. By featuring the ways that states adjust to new pressures, this book’s arguments may come in handy to those trying to make sense of the crisis and the powers that drive the policy solutions.

Master's Thesis from the year 2006 in the subject Law - European and International Law, Intellectual Properties, grade: 1 , University of Hamburg (Europa Kolleg Hamburg), language: English, abstract: The purpose of this paper is to examine the various interactions among the various courts, the different levels of interaction and the implications to the individual. [...] The modern system or systems of protection of human rights in Europe have been developing together with, as well as within the processes of European integration. These processes started on an intergovernmental level, by the founding of the Council of Europe in 1949, after the end of the Second World War, with the main intention to prevent future devastations and severe violations of human rights in Europe. In 1950 the Member States of the Council of Europe committed to respecting the rights and values expressed in the European Convention on Human Rights (in further text ECHR). The implementation and continuous respect of the ECHR is monitored by the European Court of Human Rights (in further text ECourtHR), according to the criteria set forth by international law. Parallel to that process, another one, mainly in the field of economic integration, was marked by the establishment of the European Coal and Steel Community in 1952, the European Atomic Energy Community and the European Economic Community in 1957 (in further text the European Community/Communities or EC). By “limitation of sovereignty or a transfer of powers from the states to the community”, a new “legal system” was created, which “by contrast with ordinary international treaties (...) on the entry into force of the treaty, became an integral part of the legal systems of the member states”1. Thus, in the frameworks of its role as gatekeeper of Community law, the European Court of Justice (in further text ECJ) confirmed the creation of a new sui generis organization. [...] 1 ECJ, Case C-6/64, Costa/E.N.E.L., [1964], I-00585, point 3.

The paper discusses the connection between the level of economic development and the political system of the Republic of Macedonia. Following Herbert Kitschelt's classification of communist regimes as bureaucratic-authoritarian, national-accommodative and patrimonial varieties, the paper classifies Macedonia as belonging to the patrimonial type, since in the post-communist period it was reproduced in the form of a political machine in which formal democratized institutions became prey to the leading groups of political parties. Together with the uncertainty which followed the break-up of Yugoslavia, the continuation of patrimonial traditions through patronage and corruption hampered economic development. Under these circumstances, the politics of liberalization, deregulation and privatization supported by the international financial institutions were not able to achieve their proclaimed economic development goals.

This article discusses Kosovo's post-conflict welfare transformation. It builds upon Inglot's concept of emergency welfare, which describes how incomplete states have historically been responding to diverse challenges, such as wars, crisis, regime changes, thus developing certain adjustment patterns, which have become their system's blueprint. Despite the 'path-departing' elements of the new welfare structures, devised mainly as a product of international post-conflict intervention, Kosovo's welfare system continued to display the weaknesses inherent to its emergency blueprint, typical of an unfinished state.