This thesis explore the role of conditional cash transfers' aspects showing how important social policies aimed at the accumulation of human capital in Brazil helped government to improve school performance, improve enrollment rates, reduce inequality of opportunities and reduce poverty. On poverty reduction, main findings suggest that the main source of poverty reduction in Brazil during in the past years was the change of government policies in the area of macroeconomic stabilization (controlling inflation) and income redistribution (transfer programs currency such as the CTC and non-contributory pensions). Thus, we conclude from these four studies that Brazil seems to be on track to achieve good levels of growth and poverty reduction and inequality in the long term through social policies that are considering : • increase the human capital of poor children today ; • increase their chances of future entry to the labor market through human capital acquired, and thus reducing inequality of opportunity and racial discrimination ; and • reduce the intergenerational transmission of poverty.