This is essential reading for any school leader, education reformer, policymaker, or citizen interested in the forces that promote school change. "Giving test results to an incoherent, badly run school doesn't automatically make it a better school. The work of turning a school around entails improving the knowledge and skills of teachers-changing their knowledge of content and how to teach it-and helping them to understand where their students are in their academic development. Low-performing schools, and the people who work in them, don't know what to do. If they did, they would be doing it already." So writes Richard Elmore in "Unwarranted Intrusion," an essay critiquing the accountability mandates and high-stakes testing policies of the No Child Left Behind Act. In School Reform from the Inside Out, one of the country's leading experts on the successes and failures of American education policy tackles issues ranging from teacher development to testing to "failing" schools. As Elmore aptly notes, successful school reform begins "from the inside out" with teachers, administrators, and school staff, not with external mandates or standards.

Restructuring in the Classroom goes into the classrooms of three elementary schools to take a detailed look at how teachers responded to changes in structure in their schools. The authors interviewed principals, teachers, parents, support staff, and district personnel to produce in-depth case studies of schools at various stages of restructuring, showing what the school had done to change its structure and how those changes had occurred. Selecting four teachers in each school for closer observation and discussion, the authors reveal how those teachers responded to the changes around them in their day-to-day practice in the classroom. They show, for example, how teaching practice is or is not affected by changes in the way students are grouped for learning, in the way teachers relate to groups of students and to each other, and in the way time is allocated to subject matter.

This book is designed to help policymakers, educators, and researchers develop a deeper understanding of the issues of school restructuring and to give greater conceptual clarity to the terms of the current debate. The chapters of the book contain forum papers that are organized into two main parts. Following chapter 1, "Introduction: On Changing the Structure of Public Schools" (Richard F. Elmore), part 1 presents five essays on school restructuring from several perspectives, focusing on proposals to change the nature of teaching and learning, teachers' working conditions, and the relationship between schools and their clients. They are entitled: (1) "Applying Conceptions of Teaching to Organizational Reform" (Brian Rowan); (2) "Fostering Teacher Professionalism in Schools" (Gary Sykes); (3) "Organizing Schools to Encourage Teacher Inquiry" (Hendrik D. Gideonse); (4) "Redesigning Teachers' Work" (Susan Moore Johnson); and (5) "Rethinking School Governance" (Mary Anne Raywid). Part 2 is a discussion of restructuring that takes into account the perspective of state and local policymakers and analyzes the actual experience of selected states and localities. Three chapters are entitled: (1) "Restructuring in Progress: Lessons from Pioneering Districts" (Jane L. David); (2) "Key Issues Confronting State Policymakers" (Michael Cohen); (3) "Conclusion: Toward a Transformation of Public Schooling" (Richard E. Elmore). (Contains 338 references.) (RR)

National & state policy & reform development.

State education departments and school districts face an important challenge in implementing a new law that requires disadvantaged students to be held to the same standards as other students. The new requirements come from provisions of the 1994 reauthorization of Title I, the largest federal effort in precollegiate education, which provides aid to "level the field" for disadvantaged students. Testing, Teaching, and Learning is written to help states and school districts comply with the new law, offering guidance for designing and implementing assessment and accountability systems. This book examines standards-based education reform and reviews the research on student assessment, focusing on the needs of disadvantaged students covered by Title I. With examples of states and districts that have track records in new systems, the committee develops a practical "decision framework" for education officials. The book explores how best to design assessment and accountability systems that support high levels of student learning and to work toward continuous improvement. Testing, Teaching, and Learning will be an important tool for all involved in educating disadvantaged studentsâ€"state and local administrators and classroom teachers.