RAND Europe undertook a rapid comparison of states' characterisation of cybersecurity threats. This involved investigating three lines of enquiry related to the integration of cyber-security within broader national and transnational defence and security frameworks. The project was limited both in size and scope and called primarily for desk research. This document is the final deliverable for this study, encompassing results and analysis from desk research, and insights gleaned from previous research on the issue. The first part of the document summarises the findings and provides an overview of the scope and methodology of the research. The second part of the document describes the cyber-security strategies and approaches in ten case studies: Canada, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Netherlands, Russian Federation, the UK and the USA. At CATS' request we also have profiled initiatives by NATO and the EU. Based on documentary analysis, stakeholder engagement and previous studies, we include a short chapter on potential policy concerns for Sweden going forward, supplementing the case study analysis.

What will be the key societal challenges that the EU will need to address within the next two decades? Building on an evidence base provided by a review of literature, data and insights from over 200 international experts from academia, think tanks, policy and the private sector, this report explores evidence and uncertainties underpinning global societal trends and the challenges they provide for policymakers. The report analyses trends under the following themes: income equality and global middle class; a globally expanding and ageing population; employment and the changing labour force; evolving patterns and impacts of migration; and the potential of connected societies for empowering individuals. Commissioned on behalf of the European Strategy and Policy Analysis System (ESPAS), the goal behind this research effort is to help put in place a lasting framework to assess salient global trends. With this foundation, the report concludes that there are a number of salient policy challenges clustered around three themes: 1) Investing in citizens: Equipping EU citizens with the tools to seize opportunities and protect the most vulnerable; Preparing for a new growth paradigm: Focusing on wellbeing beyond productivity growth and enabling businesses to compete globally and in the internal market; and 3) Reinventing government: Recalibrating the public sector machinery and services to accommodate the realities of the 21st century. Some trends and challenges are much more uncertain however. The report suggests that the EU should increase its own resilience, limit vulnerability to the most unpredictable trends, and better define and enact policy responses.

The rapidly-developing Internet of Things (IoT) may challenge conventional business, market, policy and societal models. This report to the European Commission aims to inform a consistent European policy stance capable of fostering a dynamic and trustworthy IoT that meets these challenges. The study addresses the following research question: What can usefully be done to stimulate the development of the Internet of Things in a way that best supports Europe0́9s policy objectives (societal impact and jobs through innovation), while respecting European values and regulations (with particular reference to ethics and data protection)? The study builds on prior work including the six challenges (identification, privacy and data protection and security, architectures, ethics, standards and governance) identified by the European Commission0́9s IoT Expert Group (2010-2012) and results from the 2012 public consultation on the IoT. The study was informed by a literature review, key informant interviews and an internal scenario workshop. Its findings and conclusions were extended and tested at an open stakeholder workshop. The analysis supports an initial soft law approach combining standards, monitoring, 0́8information remedies0́9 and an ethical charter to facilitate IoT self-organisation and clarify the need for and nature of effective regulatory interventions.