The present volume is the collection of the conference papers presented on The 12th International Symposium Agricultural economics and rural development. Realities and perspectives for Romania, organized by The Research Institute for Agrarian Economy and Rural Development during 17 November 2021 of September, in Bucharest, Romania. The main aim of this symposium was both to present the newest research results and findings in field of agricultural and rural development research and, also to encourage the direct implementation of these results in practice by creating a strong cooperation between academicians and researchers with the field experts and investors.The symposium proceedings is structured in 2 specialized sections and the plenary one, where the reader may find interesting argues regarding this research field.

Though capable of regeneration, repair surgeries following peripheral nerve injury are often incomplete or entirely unsuccessful. The slow rate of regeneration (1-3mm/day) of a proximal injury requires up to two years to reach the distal target, whereas significant muscle atrophy occurs after 6-12 months; therefore, even if the regenerating axons reach these muscles they may no longer be amenable to reinnervation (Ginsell and Keating, 2014). Despite the advancements in surgical techniques, over half of patients with peripheral nerve injury experience lifelong deficits that can severely impact quality of life (Ruijs et al., 2005). The conditioning crush lesion (CCL), a technique in which a crush injury is performed one week prior to a nerve transection and repair surgery, increases the rate of nerve growth 2-4-fold (Richardson and Issa, 1984). CCL has not been clinically translated as it requires an intentional nerve injury which evokes an invasive inflammatory response. The Webber laboratory has demonstrated that conditioning electrical stimulation (CES) upregulates the same regeneration-associated genes (RAGs) as CCL to accelerate nerve regeneration and promote sensorimotor functional recovery (Senger et al., 2018; Senger et al., 2019). Prior to clinical application of CES we sought to confirm that unlike CCL, CES is non-injurious and non-inflammatory. Infiltrating and resident macrophages did not play a role in the pro-regenerative effects of CES, with decreased IBA-1 and dectin-1 immunofluorescence compared to CCL. Furthermore, macrophage ablation reduced the conditioning effect associated with CCL but not CES. We also investigated the heat-shock protein, alphaB-crystallin, previously found to support remyelination. Proteomics and mass spectrometry identified a five-fold decrease in alphaB-Crystallin protein expression in CES compared to CCL sensory neurons, which was not reproduced in Western Blot Analysis. AlphaB-crystallin null mice displayed increased inherent pCREB expression, all other regeneration-associated genes were not different from wildtype mice, and the conditioning effect was unaffected.

The volume contains the papers accepted and published in the proceedings of the 6th International symposium entitled: Agrarian Economy and Rural Development -- Realities and Perspectives for Romania', organized by the Institute of Research for Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Bucharest in cooperation with, The Institute for Agrarian Economy Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania, Institute of Agricultural Economics, Belgrade -- Serbia, Institute for Economy, Finance and Statistics, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova, University of Agrarian Sciences and Veterinary Medicine -- The Faculty Of Management, Economic Engineering in Agriculture and Rural Development, Bucharest, Romania, Academy of Economic Studies -- The Faculty Of Agro-Food And Environment Economy, Bucharest, Romania, under the high scientific patronage of Academy of Agriculture and Forest Sciences "Gheorghe Ionescu Sisesti", held in Bucharest, Romania, November 20, 2015. The proceedings are structured in accordance with the sessions of the conference and it includes papers and relevant contributions on plenary speakers, Economy, management and agricultural marketing and Rural development and agricultural policies. Publishing this volume represents a term of the interest expressed by the highest academic and research groups in Romania and EU with interests in the agricultural sector. In the symposium proceedings are shared knowledge, experience and the newest results of your research in the agrarian economy and rural development domain related to the agro-food quality and safety, sustainability, innovation and fight against climate change, biodiversity preservation, economic efficiency of farms in terms of increasing the environmental performances, efficient use of resources and supporting the shift towards a low carbon economy and resilient to climate change in agriculture and food; social inclusion, poverty reduction and economic development in rural areas etc.The symposium proceedings is structured in 4 specialized sections, where the read my find interesting argues regarding this research field.