Abstract: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has highlighted the importance of viable infection surveillance and the relevant infrastructure. From a German perspective, an integral part of this infrastructure, genomic pathogen sequencing, was at best fragmentary and stretched to its limits due to the lack or inefficient use of equipment, human resources, data management and coordination. The experience in other countries has shown that the rate of sequenced positive samples and linkage of genomic and epidemiological data (person, place, time) represent important factors for a successful application of genomic pathogen surveillance. Planning, establishing and consistently supporting adequate structures for genomic pathogen surveillance will be crucial to identify and combat future pandemics as well as other challenges in infectious diseases such as multi-drug resistant bacteria and healthcare-associated infections. Therefore, the authors propose a multifaceted and coordinated process for the definition of procedural, legal and technical standards for comprehensive genomic pathogen surveillance in Germany, covering the areas of genomic sequencing, data collection and data linkage, as well as target pathogens. A comparative analysis of the structures established in Germany and in other countries is applied. This proposal aims to better tackle epi- and pandemics to come and take action from the "lessons learned" from the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

Oral swabs, sputum and blood samples from 18 patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection were examined using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing. Whereas oral swabs or sputum from the lower respiratory tract were tested RT-PCR positive in all patients, RNAemia was neither detected in 3 patients without symptoms nor in 14 patients with flu-like symptoms, fever or pneumonia. The only patient with RNAemia suffered from acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and was artificially ventilated in an intensive care unit. Risk for SARS-CoV-2 transmission through blood components in asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals therefore seems negligible but further studies are needed.

Abstract: Background & Aims All known hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes occur in humans and hominoid Old World non-human primates (NHPs). The divergent woolly monkey HBV (WMHBV) forms another orthohepadnavirus species. The evolutionary origins of HBV are unclear. Methods We analysed sera from 124 Brazilian monkeys collected during 2012-2016 for hepadnaviruses using molecular and serological tools, and conducted evolutionary analyses. Results We identified a novel orthohepadnavirus species in capuchin monkeys (capuchin monkey hepatitis B virus [CMHBV]). We found CMHBV-specific antibodies in five animals and high CMHBV concentrations in one animal. Non-inflammatory, probably chronic infection was consistent with an intact preCore domain, low genetic variability, core deletions in deep sequencing, and no elevated liver enzymes. Cross-reactivity of antisera against surface antigens suggested antigenic relatedness of HBV, CMHBV, and WMHBV. Infection-determining CMHBV surface peptides bound to the human HBV receptor (human sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide), but preferentially interacted with the capuchin monkey receptor homologue. CMHBV and WMHBV pseudotypes infected human hepatoma cells via the human sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide, and were poorly neutralised by HBV vaccine-derived antibodies, suggesting that cross-species infections may be possible. Ancestral state reconstructions and sequence distance comparisons associated HBV with humans, whereas primate hepadnaviruses as a whole were projected to NHP ancestors. Co-phylogenetic analyses yielded evidence for co-speciation of hepadnaviruses and New World NHP. Bayesian hypothesis testing yielded strong support for an association of the HBV stem lineage with hominoid ancestors. Neither CMHBV nor WMHBV was likely the ancestor of the divergent human HBV genotypes F/H found in American natives. Conclusions Our data suggest ancestral co-speciation of hepadnaviruses and NHP, and an Old World origin of the divergent HBV genotypes F/H. The identification of a novel primate hepadnavirus offers new perspectives for urgently needed animal models of chronic hepatitis B.

Abstract: Die SARS-CoV-2-Pandemie hat ein Defizit an essentieller infektionsepidemiologischer Infrastruktur, insbesondere in Bezug auf die Genomische Erreger-Surveillance (GES) in Deutschland, gezeigt. Zur Vorbereitung auf zukünftige pandemische Notlagen sehen es die Autor*innen als dringend erforderlich an, dieses bestehende Defizit durch den Aufbau einer leistungsfähigen Infrastruktur für GES zu beheben. Ein derartiges Netzwerk kann auf bereits regional initiierten Strukturen, Prozessen und Interaktionen aufbauen und diese weiter optimieren. Es kann zukünftig mit einer hohen Anpassungsfähigkeit auf aktuelle und kommende Herausforderungen reagieren. Ziele der vorliegenden Arbeit sind die Verdeutlichung der Dringlichkeit und Skizzierung von Vorschlägen zur Etablierung eines effizienten, anpassungsfähigen und reaktionsbereiten GES-Netzwerkes unter Berücksichtigung von externen Rahmenbedingungen und internen Standards. Die erarbeiteten Vorschläge basieren auf der Grundlage globaler und länderspezifischer Best Practices und Strategiepapiere. Zu den konkreten nächsten Schritten zur Realisierung einer integrierten GES zählen die Ermöglichung der Verknüpfung epidemiologischer Daten mit Genomdaten der Erreger, die gemeinsame und koordinierte Nutzung von vorhandenen Ressourcen, die Nutzbarmachung der so gewonnenen Surveillance-Daten für relevante Entscheidungstragende, den Öffentlichen Gesundheitsdienst und die wissenschaftliche Gemeinschaft sowie die Einbindung aller Stakeholder. Der Aufbau eines GES-Netzwerkes ist essentiell für die kontinuierliche, stabile, aktive Überwachung des Infektionsgeschehens in Deutschland sowohl während pandemischer Phasen als auch außerhalb dieser