Over the past few years, the emphasis in heavy ion target design has moved from the distributed radiator target to the 'hybrid' target because the hybrid target allows a larger beam focal spot than the distributed radiator ({approx} 5 mm radius rather than {approx} 2 mm radius). The larger spot relaxes some of the requirements on the driver, but introduces some new target physics issues. Most notable is the use of shine shields and shims in the hohlraum to achieve symmetry rather than achieving symmetry by beam placement. The shim is a thin layer of material placed on or near the capsule surface to block a small amount of excess radiation. While we have been developing this technique for the heavy ion hybrid target, the technique can be used in any indirect drive target. We have begun testing the concept of a shim to improve symmetry using a double-ended z-pinch hohlraum on the Sandia Z-machine. Experiments using shimmed thin wall capsules have shown that we can reverse the sign of a P{sub 2} asymmetry and significantly reduce the size of a P{sub 4} asymmetry. These initial experiments demonstrate the concept of a shim as another method for controlling early time asymmetries in ICF capsules.

Coupling efficiency, the ratio of the capsule absorbed energy to the driver energy, is a key parameter in ignition targets. The hohlraum originally proposed for NIF coupled {approx}11% of the absorbed laser energy to the capsule as x-rays. We describe here a second generation of hohlraum target which has higher coupling efficiency, {approx}16%. Because the ignition capsule's ability to withstand 3D effects increases rapidly with absorbed energy, the additional energy can significantly increase the likelihood of ignition. The new target includes laser entrance hole (LEH) shields as a principal method for increasing coupling efficiency while controlling symmetry in indirect-drive ICF. The LEH shields are high Z disks placed inside the hohlraum to block the capsule's view of the cold LEHs. The LEH shields can reduce the amount of laser energy required to drive a target to a given temperature via two mechanisms: (1) keeping the temperature high near the capsule pole by putting a barrier between the capsule and the pole, (2) because the capsule pole does not have a view of the cold LEHs, good symmetry requires a shorter hohlraum with less wall area. Current integrated simulations of this class of target couple 140 kJ of x-rays to a capsule out of 865 kJ of absorbed laser energy and produce {approx}10 MJ of yield. In the current designs, which are not completely optimized, the addition of the LEH shields saves {approx}95 kJ of energy (about 10%) over hohlraums without LEH shields.

Was it the Brugmansia trumpets that inspired petticoats of the Moulin Rouge? Or the cap of a mushroom (pileus) that inspired the Pileus (a brimless felt cap worn in Ancient Greece)? Or is it just "Enduring Style"? The garden just inspires as "Enduring Style" just is. Enjoy discovering tiny couture garments waiting inside every garden gate and the Tenets of a Couture Garden along with 5 pages of illustrated historical timelines on the ebb and flow of style. Ponder the "Theory of Enduring Style" in this 4th in the series and you will see the world differently than ever before! Others in this photo essay series exploring ¿Enduring Style¿ include My Mother¿s Jewelry; Nine Nests; and Facing the Eyes of Texas.

A photo essay of Enduring Style presented with 100 years of my mother's jewelry juxtaposed to other reflections of Enduring Style.~Neatly tucked away in the Adler's Hat Box and a series of other boxes and pouches, this collection entered my repository from my older sister who thought I might find it interesting. After my trip to pick up the collection, it became obvious through my lenses (camera, eyes, and mind), that this story of Enduring Style was best told in the same setting that begot the collection: 1900's CE. With Mother we strolled the Country Club Plaza in our home of Kansas City, Missouri and enjoyed the fountains; we enjoyed the seasons that brought changes of clothing, foods, the gardens and everything around us; and we gazed at the stars and wondered. From jewelry by famed Miriam Haskell to an heirloom mourning pin all set along side the famous fountains and architecture of the Country Club Plaza, the common elements of Enduring Style prompted my "Theory of Enduring Style". Words and/or definitions can only be suggested here; the photos must tell the story of Enduring Style because it simply is. In the reference section of this photo essay, I also offer timelines that reflect the ebb and flow of Enduring Style embedded in the "record of the rocks" from the study of pre-history through to present; as well as that embedded in other disciplines I have studied to date. As a curious person, observations accumulate at a rapid rate. Holding on to those observations and being able to use them to see even more is the milieu of the curious. My timelines are my place for attaching what I have learned and observed. Each timeline allows me to gaze deep into an area of interest and go back and forth in time. It is in this process of gazing up and down, back and forth that consistent underlying principles emerge regardless of stylistic differences.While documenting the collections of a time; by happenstance, may I be so lucky to create a treasure trove that rewards exploration.

Targets intended to produce ignition on NIF are being simulated and the simulations are used to set specifications for target fabrication. Recent design work has focused on designs that assume only 1.0 MJ of laser energy instead of the previous 1.6 MJ. To perform with less laser energy, the hohlraum has been redesigned to be more efficient than previously, and the capsules are slightly smaller. The main-line hohlraum design now has a SiO2 foam fill, a wall of U-Dy-Au, and shields mounted between the capsule and the laser entrance holes. Two capsule designs are being considered. One has a graded doped Be(Cu) ablator, and the other graded doped CH(Ge). Both can perform acceptably with recently demonstrated ice layer quality, and with recently demonstrated outer surface roughness. Smoothness of the internal interfaces may be an issue for the Be(Cu) design, and it may be necessary either to polish partially coated shells or to improve process control so that the internal layers are smoother. Complete tables of specifications are being prepared for both targets, to be completed this fiscal year. All the specifications are being rolled together into an error budget indicating adequate margin for ignition with the new designs.

In this third photo essay on the subject, Enduring Style is explored in the many faces that "look back" from their positions as figural objects. The three sections of the essay progressively build the character of the faces and expose the Theory of Enduring Style through the bodacious curves, sleek lines, and the lore of the journey that their faces reveal. The faces are everywhere from figural teapots to the garden gate; all denizens of my repository, here, where the flags of Texas fly. From everywhere, the faces embody styles from the English, French, Spanish, Mexican, Native American, Asian ... and share the common thread of Enduring Style. Their styles are as enduring as the colorful flags of nations that have had sovereignty over Texas and as enduring as the convergent influences, here, where East meets West. While none are native sons, they are now Texan-by-attitude as they look all passersby squarely in the eye. You can not get away from them. Do not think you can escape them. Just enjoy them and the stories their great faces bring to mind. ~ In the reference section of this photo essay, I offer timelines on the ebb and flow of Enduring Style. As a curious person, observations accumulate at a rapid rate. Holding on to those observations and being able to use them to see even more is the milieu of the curious. Timelines of my observations allow me to gaze deep into an area of interest, go back and forth in time, and see the consistent underlying principles emerge regardless of stylistic differences. ~Objects have entered my repository via gifts from others as well as found objects. My intention here is akin to a repository as conveyed by Rudolph Ackermann in "The Repository of Arts, Literature, Commerce, Manufactures, Fashion and Politics" published beginning in 1809CE. Ackermann's works represented his wide-ranging interests and also depicted the very essence of style in early 19th-century England. While documenting the collections of a time; by happenstance, may I be so lucky to create a treasure trove that rewards exploration.

One approach for heating a target to ''Warm Dense Matter'' conditions (similar, for example, to the interiors of giant planets or certain stages in inertial confinement fusion targets), is to use intense ion beams as the heating source (see refs.[6] and [7] and references therein for motivation and accelerator concepts). By consideration of ion beam phase-space constraints, both at the injector, and at the final focus, and consideration of simple equations of state and relations for ion stopping, approximate conditions at the target foil may be calculated. Thus, target temperature and pressure may be calculated as a function of ion mass, ion energy, pulse duration, velocity tilt, and other accelerator parameters. We connect some of these basic parameters to help search the extensive parameter space including ion mass, ion energy, total charge in beam pulse, beam emittance, target thickness and density.