Die Quellen über die Eroberung Mexikos stellen zuerst die Interessen ihrer Autoren dar und erfordern daher eine ethnographische und militärisch-politische Kritik. Der Eroberungsprozeß ist die Anfangsphase des Kulturwandels. Der Kulturwandel wird meist auf den Druck der Spanier und besonders der Kirche zurückgeführt. Die Kolonialkultur wurde aber von den Mesoamerikanern durch Auswahl bei der Übernahme nach ihrem Modus gesteuert entwickelt. Die untergehende mesoamerikanische Tradition erwies sich durch Anwendung ihrer Prinzipien und schnelle Lernfähigkeit als sehr dynamisch. Die dortige Kolonialkultur ist daher als epimesoamerikanisch zu bezeichnen.

Abstract: Objective: To study the B-cell content, organization, and existence of distinct B-cell subpopulations in relation to the expression of type 1 interferon signature related genes in dermatomyositis (DM). Methods: Evaluation of skeletal muscle biopsies from patients with adult DM (aDM) and juvenile DM (jDM) by histology, immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, and quantitative reverse-transcription PCR. Results: We defined 3 aDM subgroups--classic (containing occasional B cells without clusters), B-cell-rich, and follicle-like aDM--further elucidating IM B-lymphocyte maturation and immunity. The quantity of B cells and formation of ectopic lymphoid structures in a subset of patients with aDM were associated with a specific profile of cytokines and chemokines involved in lymphoid neogenesis. Levels of type 1 interferon signature related gene expression paralleled B-cell content and architectural organization and link B-cell immunity to the interferon type I signature. Conclusion: These data corroborate the important role of B cells in DM, highlighting the direct link between humoral mechanisms as key players in B-cell immunity and the role of type I interferon-related immunity

Abstract: Dystrophinopathies are the most common muscle diseases, especially in men. In women, on the other hand, a manifestation of Duchenne muscular dystrophy is rare due to X-chromosomal inheritance. We present two young girls with severe muscle weakness, muscular dystrophies, and creatine kinase (CK) levels exceeding 10,000 U/L. In the skeletal muscle tissues, dystrophin staining reaction showed mosaicism. The almost entirely skewed X-inactivation in both cases supported the possibility of a dystrophinopathy. Despite standard molecular diagnostics (including multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) and next generation sequencing (NGS) gene panel sequencing), the genetic cause of the girls' conditions remained unknown. However, whole-genome sequencing revealed two reciprocal translocations between their X chromosomes and chromosome 5 and chromosome 19, respectively. In both cases, the breakpoints on the X chromosomes were located directly within the DMD gene (in introns 54 and 7, respectively) and were responsible for the patients' phenotypes. Additional techniques such as Sanger sequencing, conventional karyotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) confirmed the disruption of DMD gene in both patients through translocations. These findings underscore the importance of accurate clinical data combined with histopathological analysis in pinpointing the suspected underlying genetic disorder. Moreover, our study illustrates the viability of whole-genome sequencing as a time-saving and highly effective method for identifying genetic factors responsible for complex genetic constellations in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)

Dieses Buch bietet eine ethnologische Kritik der Quellen des sechzehnten und siebzehnten Jahrhunderts über die Religion Mesoamerikas. Ein Vergleich mit den agrarischen, submesoamerikanischen Kulturen Nordamerikas wird gezogen; auch werden die Bezüge zwischen Mythos und Ritus erörtert.